Paleography

Learning to read the manuscripts, one line at a time.

You can read Latin, or Greek, or both. That is a different skill from reading a ninth-century hand — closer to learning someone's handwriting than to learning a language, and nobody is born able to do it.

This is a place to practise. Every line here is cut from a photograph of a real manuscript, and the work is staged: you begin by looking, and only much later by writing anything down.

Choose a hand

start here
Latin — Caroline minuscule
Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 940
Saint-Amand, early 9th century
A commentary on Matthew in a clear, roomy hand. The editors wrote every abbreviation out in full, so here you learn the letters and nothing else.
Begin →
then
Latin — a glossed grammar
Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek, Voss. Lat. O. 41
9th century
The same script, much harder going: a school grammar buried under commentary, with every abbreviation sign left as the scribe wrote it. Some pages carry three hundred lines.
Begin →
greek
Greek — Byzantine minuscule
Heidelberg, Cod. Pal. graec. 23 — the Palatine Anthology
10th century
Printed Greek gives one shape per letter. This hand does not: it fuses letters into ligatures, and one letter takes several forms depending on its neighbours. Type with your ordinary keyboard.
Begin →

How it works

00
Start here
The same line as ink and as print, side by side, and what differs.
01
Read along
Line and text together. Nothing to type — this stage is for your eye.
02
One word
The text is given but for one word. Find it in the ink.
03
Finish the line
The opening is given. Read the rest off the page.
04
The whole line
No help. Read it and write it out.

What it is built on

24,017
lines of ground truth
7
witnesses
330
lines in the exercises
19 / 24
expansions verified

Openly licensed transcriptions, catalogued by HTR-United, joined to the library facsimiles they were made from. Nothing is redrawn or reconstructed: the lines are cut from the page images along the transcribers' own baselines, and material outside the line you are working on is blurred rather than removed — a manuscript page is crowded, and pretending otherwise teaches the wrong habit.

When a line carries a sign you may not know — an abbreviation, a decorated initial, a word broken across the line-end — it is explained underneath, with a worked example from that same manuscript.

Where an expansion has not been checked against a source, it says so. Nineteen of the twenty-four signs taught here are verified against Cappelli's Lexicon Abbreviaturarum or Thompson, with the page read as an image. The other five carry a mark on their face saying they are not.

This matters more than it sounds: a tool that teaches a wrong expansion confidently is worse than one that teaches nothing.

Your reading stays in your browser. Nothing is sent anywhere. As you work, the tool records which letters you mistake for which and shows you your own commonest slips — the fastest guide to what to practise next.

A prototype

Three witnesses, a few hundred lines, and an apparatus still being checked. It is offered now because the fastest way to find out what is wrong with it is to put it in front of people who read these hands for a living.

Corrections and objections are wanted, and so are the awkward questions — which scripts belong here, what a class would actually need, and where the teaching is simply wrong. Every line carries a link that reports its shelfmark, folio and transcription, so an objection arrives checkable.

Write to wilson.pruitt@gmail.com.