Paleography

Learning to read the manuscripts, one line at a time.

Reading a language is one skill. Reading a ninth-century hand is another — closer to learning someone's handwriting than to learning a language, and nobody is born able to do it.

This is a place to practise. Every line here is cut from a photograph of a real manuscript, and the work is staged: you begin by looking, and only much later by writing anything down.

Choose a hand

latinstart here
Caroline minuscule
Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 940
Saint-Amand, early 9th century
A commentary on Matthew in a clear, roomy hand. The editors wrote every abbreviation out in full, so here you learn the letters and nothing else.
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latinthen
A glossed grammar
Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek, Voss. Lat. O. 41
9th century
The same script, much harder going: a school grammar buried under commentary, with every abbreviation sign left as the scribe wrote it. Some pages carry three hundred lines.
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greek
Byzantine minuscule
Heidelberg, Cod. Pal. graec. 23 — the Palatine Anthology
10th century
Printed Greek gives one shape per letter. This hand does not: it fuses letters into ligatures, and one letter takes several forms depending on its neighbours. Type with your ordinary keyboard.
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old french
A book of fabliaux
Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Cod. 354
Northeastern France, mid-13th century
Not Caroline any more. This is the Gothic bookhand it turned into — compressed, angular, letters fusing into their neighbours, and i/u/n/m collapsed into strokes you have to count. Comic tales in verse, thick with abbreviation.
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syriac
The printer's copy of the first Syriac book
Vienna, ÖNB Cod. Syr. 1
Vienna, 1554, written by Moses of Mardin
The first track that runs right to left, and the first with no vowels on the page. A pocket Gospel book — the actual copy the compositors of the first Syriac printed book worked from in 1555. The lesson is the dots: 675 word-forms here appear in more than one pointing.
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The hands, in detail

How it works

00
Start here
The same line as ink and as print, side by side, and what differs.
01
Read along
Line and text together. Nothing to type — this stage is for your eye.
02
One word
The text is given but for one word. Find it in the ink.
03
Finish the line
The opening is given. Read the rest off the page.
04
The whole line
No help. Read it and write it out.

What it is built on

27,183
lines of ground truth
9
witnesses
550
lines in the exercises
19 / 28
expansions verified

Openly licensed transcriptions, catalogued by HTR-United, joined to the library facsimiles they were made from. Nothing is redrawn or reconstructed: the lines are cut from the page images along the transcribers' own baselines, and material outside the line you are working on is blurred rather than removed — a manuscript page is crowded, and pretending otherwise teaches the wrong habit.

When a line carries a sign you may not know — an abbreviation, a decorated initial, a word broken across the line-end — it is explained underneath, with a worked example from that same manuscript.

Where an expansion has not been checked against a source, it says so. Nineteen of the twenty-eight signs taught here are verified against Cappelli's Lexicon Abbreviaturarum or Thompson, with the page read as an image. The other nine carry a mark on their face saying they are not — including everything the Syriac track says about the dots, which no Syriacist has yet ruled on.

This matters more than it sounds: a tool that teaches a wrong expansion confidently is worse than one that teaches nothing.

Your reading stays in your browser. Nothing is sent anywhere. As you work, the tool records which letters you mistake for which and shows you your own commonest slips — the fastest guide to what to practise next.

A prototype

Five tracks in four languages, a few hundred lines, and an apparatus still being checked. It is offered now because the fastest way to find out what is wrong with it is to put it in front of people who read these hands for a living.

Corrections and objections are wanted, and so are the awkward questions — which scripts belong here, what a class would actually need, and where the teaching is simply wrong. Every line carries a link that reports its shelfmark, folio and transcription, so an objection arrives checkable.

Write to wilson.pruitt@gmail.com.